Since the 2011 fall of Muammar Gaddafi , Libya has transformed into one of the most dangerous migration corridors in the world. For thousands of Africans hoping to reach Europe , the journey through Libya is marked by a litany of abuses: arbitrary detention, torture, forced labour, sexual violence, ransom kidnappings ( madax-furasho in Somali ), extortion, and, in some cases, literal slave sales. These violations are committed by an array of actors, human traffickers, smugglers, local militias, clan-based warlords, criminal networks, and, at times, state-linked forces such as coastguard units. The scale of the brutality has provoked international condemnation and raised urgent questions about legal responsibility under both global and African human-rights frameworks. For more than a decade, researchers, NGOs, and UN agencies have described Libya as a “black box” of migrant abuse, a chaotic territory where lawlessness and lucrative smuggling economies collide. Migrants arriving from...
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